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Ferrero-Waldner B. Report to the Commission. “Implementing and promoting the European Neighbourhood Policy”, Brussels, 22 November 2005.
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A report of Commissioner Ferrero-Waldner to the Commission focusing on achievements of ENP as of 2005, priorities and expectations, and discussing next steps to be done to proceed consistently with the implementation of bilateral action plans.
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Council of the European Union. Council conclusions on European Neighbourhood policy, 25 April 2005.
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The Council recalls its conclusions of 14 June 2004 on European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and reaffirms the special role of this policy for the European Union's external relations, offering the possibility of increased political, security, economic and cultural cooperation between the European Union and its neighbours. The Council confirms its desire for the European Union's commitment in the Mediterranean, Eastern European and South Caucasus regions to be carried forward.
With regard to the South Caucasus countries, particular attention is paid to encouraging regional cooperation and progress in conflict resolution. On this point, the Council welcomes the determination expressed by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia to use the action plans as essential instruments for strengthening regional cooperation.
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Kok, Wim. Report to the European Commission “Enlarging the European Union – Achievements and Challenges”, European University Institute, Robert Schumann Centre for Advanced Studies, March 2003.
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Although many studies of enlargement have been published, most of them have approached it from a national or sectoral point of view. This report analyses it from a European point of view, drawing independently on a range of ideas, opinions, and research. It does not attempt to reflect different interests and views of individual countries - that would have been beyond its scope - but it does take account both of the existing members and of the future members, and looks ahead to the prospects for the enlarged EU as a whole.
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Report of the conference “The Challenges of European Neighbourhood Policy”, Instituto Affari Internazionali, Italian Ministry of Foreign Affiars, Rome, 26-27 November 2004.
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The main objective of the conference was to look into the potential and the shortcomings of the European Neighbourhood Policy in view of the strengthening of the EU’ international role. It was organized by Instituto Affari Internazionali in cooperation with Polish Institute of International Affairs, other partner institutes and the European Commission. Among the issues considered by the speakers was political and security engagement as the clearest possible signal of Union’s commitments vis-à-vis its neighbours. A greater security involvement was advocated pointing out that a limited security involvement of this kind can only be seen in Georgia and Moldova.
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“EU enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy”. Proceedings of the conference, Stefan Batory Foundation and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Warsaw, 20-21 February 2003.
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The conference on the EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy held on 20-21 February 2003 in Warsaw reflects the importance attached in Poland to EU relations with the countries that for now remain outside of the European Union. Poland’s EU accession does not imply that they are turning their backs on the eastern neighbours; quite the opposite: it is a good opportunity to effectively support positive transition in East European countries and to support the pro-European aspirations of their people. The two-day conference was a time for reflection about the role of the new Member States in the EU’s policy towards its eastern neighbours; to share the experience of the present Member States which have taken advantage of their close ties with particular regions in order to develop a coherent policy of the Union; and to discuss the possible and desired neighbourhood policy of the EU.
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Emerson, Michael. The Wider Europe Matrix, CEPS Books, January 2004.
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This study is an attempt to think systematically about the enlarging European Union’s relationships with the rest of Europe and the arc of Arab and Muslim states that are Europe’s neighbours, from Morocco to Central Asia through Iraq – two vast regions that may be called the ‘Wider Europe’ and the ‘Greater Middle East’. The rationales for the European Union’s current efforts to define a Wider Europe policy and European Security Strategy are not credibly articulated so far. The present study makes an independent contribution towards defining more substantive and structured EU strategies. It argues for seven common European policy spaces, which should relate to all the states and regions of the Wider Europe and its neighbourhood, with gradations of course, but still having overall coherence. This is also what will define the final frontiers of Europe.
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Coppieters B., Emerson M., Huysseune M., Kovziridze T., Noutcheva G., Tocci N., Vahl M. Europeanization and conflict resolution - Case studies from the European periphery, Academia press, 2004.
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The enlarging EU is increasingly drawn into secessionist conflicts on its southern and eastern peripheries. This book examines the relevance of European integration for conflict settlement and resolution in divided states through a comparison of four case studies: Cyprus, Serbia and Montenegro, Moldova and the Transnistrian conflict and the Georgia-Abkhaz conflict. The authors explore the historical background of each of these conflicts and examine the degree of Europeanization, the mediation attempts made by international security organizations, and the way in which efforts to resolve these conflicts have been linked to closer integration into the EU and other European organizations. Funded by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, this publication is the result of a collaborative research project undertaken by CEPS and the Department of Political Science of the Free University of Brussels (VUB).
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Emerson, Michael. Democratisation in the European Neighbourhood, CEPS Books, October 2005.
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This is the first state-of-the-art work on the process of democratisation in the wider European neighbourhood since the seminal events of 2004, with the EU's enlargement and the Orange, Rose and Cedar Revolutions beyond. Covering both the European CIS states and the Mediterranean Arab world, leading experts from these regions interpret the recent revolutions and prospects for further democratisation in the European neighbourhood. These analyses are accompanied by a comprehensive critique of the EU as promoter of democracy.
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Brusis, Martin. The European Union and Interethnic Power-sharing Arrangements in Accession Countries, Centre for Applied Policy Research, University of Munich, Germany, Issue 1/2003.
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The article focuses on the impact exerted by the EU on domestic interethnic politics in accession countries. It argues that the EU has contributed to the emergence of power-sharing arrangements in accession countries, since its minority protection policy has been guided by a security approach that prioritizes the consensual settlement of disputes over the enforcement of universalist norms. The article analyzes the minority protection policy of the EU and highlights elements of consociational power-sharing observable in Bulgaria, Romania and Slovakia. On this basis, it is claimed that consociational power-sharing arrangements are more compatible with liberal democratic principles than territorial autonomy arrangements. Ideas and norms supporting these arrangements could thus permeate into the minority protection policy of an enlarged EU, although the principal obstacles to communitarizing minority rights will persist.
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Stewart, Susan. The Role of the United Nations in the Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict, European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI), Issue 2/2003.
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This article analyses UNOMIG efforts at stabilization and mediation in the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, arguing that while progress in both realms has been slight, there is reason to conclude that stabilization attempts have been more successful than those of mediation. The author contends that difficulties in the mediation sphere can largely be attributed to UN insistence on Georgian territorial integrity and on a comprehensive settlement including continued substantial progress on the question of Abkhazia’s political status. While coordination between the CIS peacekeepers and the UN has proceeded smoothly, the multidimensional involvement of the Russian Federation has complicated the constellation of actors surrounding the conflict. Owing to these external as well as other internal factors, the author concludes that the outlook for Georgian-Abkhazian negotiations in the short to medium term appears bleak, but that the conclusions drawn from the role of the UN in the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict can be useful for understanding difficulties the UN is likely to encounter in similar interventions.
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Mungiu, Alina. "Beyond the New Borders", Journal of Democracy, Volume 15, No. 1, January 2004, pp. 48-62.
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A border of development, not one of 'civilization' divides the European continent in two uneven halves, which have become all the more visible after the Big Bang enlargement. This paper discusses 'Wider Europe', the Europe beyond the current Schengen borders. As the European identity is fuzzy and the European Union borders a combination of haphazard and necessity, notably the need to keep protect wealthy Europe from poor Europe, turning the current border into a new wall would be a mistake. Unlike the countries in the first wave of enlargement, Wider Europe countries are still struggling with weak states and unfinished transitions. More creative policies than just the conditionality-based enlargement as usual will be needed to make wider Europe catch up, but the project may prove more realistic and worthwhile than furthering political integration of the current members. This paper argues therefore that no border should be set for Europe, and enlargement should continue as long as Europe's power as an emulator is not yet exhausted.
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Emerson, Michael. Vade Mecum for the Next Enlargements of the European Union, CEPS Policy Briefs, December 2004.
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The European Council meeting on 16-17 December took many decisions that will set the course for the European Union’s continuing enlargement process. These decisions concern in the first place Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia and Turkey, but they also contain some pointers for the nature of the process ahead that will concern other possible candidates, from the Balkans to Ukraine. This new Policy Brief explores the new language and concepts introduced into the discussion and their implications for the European Neighbourhood Policy.
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Emerson, Michael. Europeanisation and Conflict Resolution: Testing an Analytical Framework, CEPS Policy Briefs, December 2004.
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This paper looks into four unresolved ethno-secessionist conflicts in Europe’s south eastern periphery to see whether the European Union was pursuing any identifiable logic in its search for solutions. The five cases are chosen so as to be at different distances politically and geographically from core Europe, which are: Cyprus, Serbia and Montenegro, Moldova and Transniestria, Georgia and Abkhazia, and Turkey and its Kurds. This paper is also a chapter in Developing a Culture of Conflict Prevention, A. Mellbourn (ed.), 2004 edition of the Anna Lindt Programme on Conflict Prevention, published by the Madariaga European Foundation and the Bank of Sweden Tercentary Foundation, and Gidlunds.
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