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Dena Ringold, Mitchell A. Orenstein, and Erika Wilkens (2003): “Roma in an Expanding Europe: Breaking the Poverty Cycle”. World Bank.
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This comprehensive study aims to present both a historical and present-day analysis of the causes of Roma impoverishment in Central and Eastern Europe. It draws on both quantitative and qualitative research to illustrate the various aspects of poverty among Roma. Furthermore, it presents a comparative analysis of programs focused on poverty alleviation in both Western and Eastern Europe and outlines factors necessary for their success.
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Karen Plafker (2002): “The Social Roots of Roma Health Conditions”, EUMap On-Line Journal, September.
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Karen Plafker offers a social perspective on the obstacles to equal health for Roma in East and Central Europe. She argues that efforts to improve the health of Roma communities often fail to examine the social structures in which conceptions and access to health to shape. She therefore argues that removing such social obstacles involves conceptualizing the debate as one of human rights, and the struggle for full economic, political and social participation. To this end she outlines the opportunities for promoting Roma health through focusing on health as a universal human right.
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Steve Hajioff and Martin McKee (2000) “The Health of the Roma People: a review of the published literature,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, November, 54: 864-869.
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The article examines public health inequalities for Roma through published literature, with the exception of opinion pieces and papers relating to anthropometry and to genetic markers. The authors discuss the results of the findings as majority focused, i.e. based on perceptions of contagion and social Darwinism. They assert the need for further research concerning non-communicable diseases and initiatives to improve Roma health and emphasize the need for greater understanding of the social and political matrix in which these issues are rooted.
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Guillermo O’Donnell (2001): “Democratic Theory and Comparative Politics,” Studies in Comparative International Development, Spring, Vol. 36, N. 1, pp. 1-64.
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Guillermo O’Donnell offers some conceptual insights into democratic theory with specific regard to new and emerging democracies. O’Donnell criticizes the “one size fits all” approach to the study of emerging democracies, gives an overview of existing definitions of democracy and defines democracy as a political regime, following Schumpeterian tradition. However, he deems such understanding of democracy too restrictive and addresses major lacuna in it. Therefore, he introduces the concept of individual agency and looks at democracy in relation to the state, focusing on the state qua legal system. Finally, he adds the social aspect to the concept arguing that a degree of “democraticness” of the overall social context is also important. Finally, O’Donnell offers some practical comparative excurses.
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