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Security Policy and Illegal Migration including Trafficking in Human Beings
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International Organization for Migration (2005): “Second Annual Report on Victims of Trafficking in South-Eastern Europe.
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The overall objective of the RCP programme is to contribute to improved trafficking programmes and policy through a better understanding of the trafficking phenomenon in the South-eastern European region, with particular attention to the needs and experiences of victims throughout the trafficking process. The data is to be valuable in developing services and assistance frameworks tailored to a variety of victim profiles and trafficking experiences. Changes in trafficking patterns must be examined if counter-trafficking organizations are to address the needs of victims appropriately. RCP Second Annual Report resents the main findings of data consolidated from across the region for the period between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2004, incorporating description and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data concerning trafficking victims assisted within South-eastern Europe (SEE).
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Okolski, Marek: “Migrant trafficking in Poland”. Centre of Migration Research.
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Those institutions in Poland, which deal with migrant trafficking, tend to see it as a temporary nuisance and by focusing on the current symptoms fail to grasp the root causes and international measures needed to cut down the incidence of this activity, concludes the author of this paper. For the purpose of the study, it adopts the definition of “migrant trafficking”, as the deliberate facilitating of migration, conducted by various networks of intermediaries, and other agents, in the form of illegal acts, or acts conducted in bad faith, within a framework of commercial transaction and for the financial gain of the traffickers. It attempts to assess the scale and extent of human trafficking, to work out a profile of the migrants, their motives and relationship with the traffickers, and to acquire a better knowledge of how this trafficking is organised. It identifies and evaluates current policies and suggests a set of measures, which would both combat trafficking and protect the victims of trafficking. The last section consists of a series of interviews with the migrants, which helps to give the statistics a human face.
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Todorov, Boyko, Shentov, Ognian and Stoyanov, Alexander: “Corruption, trafficking and institutional reform”. Center for the Study of Democracy.
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The report is dedicated to one of the most serious problems of the Bulgarian transition towards market economy, stable democratic institutions and legal state. The exploding growth of trans-border crime during the last 12 years has led to the emergence of criminal infrastructure, developed and maintained by criminal groups and semi-legal "power groups," which have appeared in the mentioned period. The trans-border crime in Bulgaria is a part of the new network of international organized crime, which was established after the end of the Cold War and which is closely connected to the regional channels of smuggling and trafficking. Smuggling (including drug smuggling) and trafficking are in particular the main sources of income for organized crime in the country.
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Todorov, Boyko, Ognian,Shentov and Alexander Stoyanov eds.(2000): “Corruption and trafficking: monitoring and prevention”. Center for the Study of Democracy.
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The illicit trafficking growth, as one of the most important sources of local "gray economy" throughout the 90ies, was caused by a number of international and internal factors, the most crucial of which being the weakening of the post-communist state and the spread of corruption practices among state officials. The threat on society posed by the interlacing of the interests both of crossborder crime perpetrators and the associated corrupt public officials (customs officials being the most alarming example according to public opinion), became a serious public concern. This initiated the necessity to analyze the phenomenon and to identify adequate monitoring and counteraction measures, moreover this type of crime finds further confirmation in experts' estimate that a large portion of the local gray economy is related to smuggling of goods and the proceeds of the respective unlawful activities.
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Lehti,Martti and Aromaa, Kauko (2002) “Trafficking in Human Beings, Illegal Immigration and Finland”, ISBN 952-5333-11-6, ISBN 1237-4741. Helsinki.
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This publication is the Finnish country report of an international project, the aim of which is to develop quantitative research solutions for collecting information concerning trafficking in human beings connected with sexual exploitation in the European Union member countries as well as in applicant countries.
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Ulrich, Christopher J.: “Alien-Smuggling and Uncontrolled Migration in Northern Europe and the Baltic Region”. HEUNI, Helsinki.
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The paper covers the regional situations and national/regional responses to organized smuggling of illegal migrants during 1990-1995 years.
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Lehti,Martti and Aromaa, Kauko (2004): “Trafficking in Women and Children in Europe”. HEUNI, Helsinki, Publication Series No. 42.
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This publication is the Finnish country report of an international project, the aim of which is to develop quantitative research solutions for collecting information concerning trafficking in human beings connected with sexual exploitation in the European Union member countries as well as in applicant countries.
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Glonti, Georgi (2004): “Human Trafficking: Concept, Classification, and Questions of Legislative Regulation”, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center, Georgia, Helsinki, Publication Series No. 42.
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The paper provides the analysis of human trafficking in Georgia. The background and political situation outline the reasons for trafficking in human beings. The whole chain of employment-transit-exploitation is examined in the paper.
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Oberloher, Robert (2004): “To Counter Effectively Organized Crime Involvement in Irregular Migration, People Smuggling and Human Trafficking from the East. Europe’s Challenges Today”, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), Helsinki, Publication Series No. 42.
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The paper regards irregular migration, people smuggling and human trafficking as a complex issue. The author analyzes the links between the mentioned terms and considers them not a single case issues but a part of international organized crime system. The paper discusses routes of illegal migration and human smuggling in the European context and the prevention of organized crime as a key answer to these problems.
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Center for the Study of Democracy, Sofia (2003): “Corruption, contraband and organized crime in Southeast Europe”.
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The report looks at the origins, mechanism and effects of, in particular, cross border corruption and smuggling within South Eastern Europe while giving statistical data to highlight the extent of the problem. Cross border smuggling and the inherent border cooperation that must accompany this scale of corruption is highlighted as one of the main problems in preventing the transition to a market economy in the former war torn states. The lack of trust among the majority of the public in the governmental institutions and political parties has led to an acceptance of this type of behaviour and also the need for some law abiding businesses to adopt underhand tactics in order to remain competitive. The report states that the need to fully understand the true dimensions of the problem while establishing cross border cooperation to combat the problem is paramount in the fight against organised crime. The support of the international community in encouraging partnerships among public and private institutions and obtaining public participation in the fight against corruption is also highlighted as being of critical importance.
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